نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by the fear of negative evaluation and high level of anxiety and avoidance of social and functional situations. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of task concentration training technique on reducing fear of negative evaluation in people with social anxiety disorder.

This is a quasi-experimental research. The participants were all the students of Shahed University who were analyzed by Social Phobia Questionnaire (Connor et al. 2000), Semi-Structured Clinical Interviews (Frest, 1996) and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Leary, 1983). After confirming the social anxiety disorder, 20 people were selected as experimental and control group randomly. The experimental group received task concentration training but the control group received no intervention.

The findings showed that using task concentration training technique leads to significant decrease in fear of negative evaluation in experimental group in comparison with the control group (t=2.76, p= 0.013).

While the obtaining results are consistent with other results, they provide a preliminary context for using the mentioned technique for reducing the social anxiety symptoms in Iranian samples. However, future researches should present suitability of this technique in different dimensions.

Lack of parents influences on child’s growth. An orphan child is deprived of emotional relationship and does not receive the usual pattern of interaction with others. The growing statistic of these people and psychological trauma exerted on them could not be overlooked. Thus, the purpose of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on resilience, feeling lonely and emotional independence of orphan children.

During a quasi-experimental study with pretest posttest, 21orphans were selected from Andishe Nik Social Work Clinic by available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental (11 individuals) and control group (10 individuals). The groups were tested both at the beginning and end of the study. Then experimental group received schema therapy treatment for two months (10 60-minute sessions).

MANCOVA analysis showed that schema therapy has been effective in increasing resilience, feeling lonely and emotional independence (p<0.05).

Schema therapy could be used as a suitable intervention which affects the resilience, feeling lonely and emotional independence of orphan children.

Pain is the most generalized mental stress that human faces it. The current research has been done to determine the fitness of emotion regulation model of generalized anxiety disorder to explain pain perception in patient with chronic pain.

 The statistical sample consisted of 210 patients referred to pain clinics in Rasht, Iran who had generalized anxiety disorder symptoms based on clinical interview. They were selected by available sampling and completed perception of pain, emotion dysregulation, and Alexithymia (TAS), meta-mood and affect control questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive measures of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation model.

Results showed that emotion regulation has a direct effect on pain perception (p<0.01). Moreover, variables such as expressiveness, meta-mood, affect control and Alexithymia have direct effect on emotion regulation and indirect effect on pain perception.

Findings show that emotion regulation could be effective in the degree of pain perception in patient with chronic pain.

Studies have shown that mother’s personality dimensions have an important role in emotional behavioral disorders of children. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between maternal dark personality and emotional-behavioral disorders of elementary students of Isfahan, Iran.

The method used in the study is descriptive of correlation type. 150 elementary students were selected from different educational areas of Isfahan by multi-stage random sampling. Research tools were Achenbach Behavior Problems Inventory and Dark Personality (Johnson and Webster, 20100. Data were analyzed by stepwise multivariate regression.

Results showed that maternity dark personality (Machiavellian, narcissism and psychopathy) can predict emotional-behavioral disorders of children significantly (p≤0.0001).

Generally, we can say that children whom their mothers have high levels of dark personality are at risk of behavior disorders. In other words, children’s behavioral disorders are related to patients’ personality traits.

The purpose of the study was to determine the role of procrastination and affect control in predicting the interpersonal reactivity.

This is a descriptive research of correlation type. Statistical sample included all retired elderly people of Sari, Iran. 220 subjects (114 women, 106 men) were selected by available sampling. Data were collected by General Procrastination Scale, Affect Control Scale and Interpersonal Reactivity Index.

Results showed that there’s a significant correlation between interpersonal reactivity with procrastination (r= -33), affect control (r= 53), anxiety (r= 42) and positive effect (r= 25). The results of regression analysis test showed that depression, anxiety and procrastination can predict the changes of perspective-taking significantly. Moreover, anxiety and positive affect can predict fantasy significantly; anger and anxiety can predict emphatic concern negatively and positively, respectively; moreover, anger can predict personal distress positively. In general, anxiety, positive affect and procrastination can explain 28 percent of the variance of elderly people’s interpersonal reactivity.

We can improve elderly people’s interpersonal relations and consequently their lives and health by training strategies to cope with procrastination and also affect control training.

This study examined the effectiveness of cognitive remediation on cognitive– Attention functions in students with specific learning disorder. This research was the pre-test and post-test study with a control group < span dir="RTL">.The study population's Formed specific learning disability students with specific learning disabilities in Urmia city elementary school fifth grade and sixth academic year comprised 94-1393.The sample consisted of 32 students with specific learning disabilitieswho were randomly selected from the population for sampling. To collect data were usedfrom the Raven's Progressive Matrices, Wechsler Memory Scale of numeric (digit span) and CPT-scale processing of emotional. Mayknbam cognitive restructuring interventions that were implemented in six sessions on the experimental group < span dir="RTL">.The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showedthere is a significant differenceInternational student in the experimental group and the control group in components of working memory and attention. In other words, effective significantly cognitive restructuring therapy on the components of working memory and attention.These results suggest that cognitive restructuring can to amend Working memory and attention students withlearning disabilities

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and test anxiety in high school students of Tabriz, Iran.

The statistical sample included third grade high school students of Tabriz, Iran. The research sample included 168 students selected by cluster random sampling. Data were analyzed by Spiel Berger Test Anxiety and Multi-Dimensional Perfectionism Scale and were analyzed by Correlation Coefficient Test and Simultaneous Multiple Regression Analysis.

Results showed that there’s a significant positive relationship between perfectionism and its dimensions with test anxiety. Moreover, the results of simultaneous regression indicated that from three dimensions of perfectionism, the socially oriented dimension predict test anxiety significantly. The results of the independent t-test showed that there’s a significant difference between the two groups of study (boys and girls) in test anxiety so that the mean of test anxiety in girls was more than boys.

The findings of the research can be helpful in more researches about investigation of the role of personality factors on students’ test anxiety in the future.

The purpose of the study was to present a structural equation model to predict post-traumatic growth based on openness to experience and self-perception by mediating of social support in veterans with PTSD.

Due to the limited size of population living in Saveh, Iran, all veterans with PTSD who were 300 individuals were selected by census method. Subjects responded to questionnaires of Openness to Experience (Woo et al,. 2014), Self-Concept (Beck and Steer, 1987), Social Support (Sherbourn and Stewart, 1991) and post-traumatic growth (Tedeschi and Calhoun, 1996). Data were analyzed by path analysis.

According to the adjusted model, results showed that self-concept, openness to experience and social support has direct and positive effect post-traumatic growth. In addition to direct effect, self-concept and openness to experience have indirect effect on post-traumatic growth of veterans by mediation of social support. Self-concept, social support and openness to experience have the most contribution in predicting the post-traumatic growth, respectively.

The degree of social support has increased by the increase of self-concept and openness to experience and this eventually leads to the increase of post-traumatic growth among veterans with PTSD.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of personality traits and life expectancy in predicting the psychological hardiness.

This is a correlation research in which students of Tehran Payame Noor University were selected by available sampling. Data were analyzed by Snyder’s (AHS-12) Hope Questionnaire, NEO Five Factor Analysis (NEO-FFI) AND Ahwaz Hardiness Inventory (AHI). Data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Method and Regression Analysis.

Results showed that there’s a significant positive relationship between life expectancy, extroversion, compatibility, and conscientiousness with hardiness and there’s a significant negative relationship between neuroticism and openness to experience with hardiness. Regression analysis indicated that life expectancy, extroversion, compatibility, high conscientiousness, neuroticism and low openness to experience predict hardiness.

Results showed that personality traits and life expectancy have an important role in students’ hardiness.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of independent learning training on the academic performance of the students suffering from the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The research design was pretest posttest with the control group. Statistical sample included all male students aged 10 to 12 suffering from the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder living in Shahrreza, Iran and were studying at the second semester of academic year of 2014-2015. Research sample included 30 students with the average age of 11years old who received the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder based on the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Connor Parent-Teacher Questionnaire and Academic Performance Rating Scale were used for measuring the attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms and investigating the academic performance, respectively. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA.

The results showed that there’s a significant difference (p=0.01) between the two experimental and control group in terms of academic performance and its subscales including academic success, academic productivity, impulse control after independent learning training.

Independent learning training can improve the academic performance of the students suffering from the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, thus, it can be used as a method for improving the academic performance.

Dark triad of personality (narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy) is one of the annoying and unhealthy personalities in psychology field. The purpose of the current study is first to introduce dark triad of personality tos scientific community of psychology and then investigate and compare these traits in convicts and non-convicts individuals.

This was a causal-comparative research. Statistical sample included 85 male prisoners of Urmia prison and 85 non-convicts. Participants were matched demographically. Research tools included Research-made Questionnaire for demographic information, Narcissism Personality Inventory (NPI), Machiavellianism Scale and Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (3rd edition). Data were analyzed by Multivariate Regression Analysis.

Data analysis showed that the differences between two groups were significant for narcissism and psychopathy at the level of p<0.01 and for Machiavellianism at the level of p<0.05. The most important difference was related to narcissism (p<0.001).

Results showed that there’s a significant difference between two groups regarding dark triad of personality. Thus, it can be concluded that the level of social aversive traits (dark triad) is higher in convicts. Because of the limitation of the participants in the research, it is suggested that future researches consider large groups, women, and different contexts and separated crime.

Patients suffering epilepsy are at risk of cognitive disorder and behavioral abnormality. The purpose of the study is to compare episodic and semantic memory in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and non-patients.

This was a causal-comparative research. The statistical sample was patients with epilepsy of Iranian Epilepsy Center in Tehran from whom 20 patients with epilepsy were selected as the sample and were matched with 20 non-patients in term of demographic variables of age and education. The samples were selected by available sampling. Research tools for episodic memory were recalling the item, images source and word test and for semantic memory were classified categories and fluid words. Data were analyzed by t-test of independent group and multivariate analysis of variance.

T-test and average scores of episodic and semantic memory showed significant difference (p<0.01, t38=6.22, x: 95/61; p<0.01, t38=3.61, x: 271/55) in the function of the two memories in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and non-patients.

The results show that hippocampus damage and lateral neocortex in patients suffering temporal lobe epilepsy has a fundamental role in semantic and episodic memory disorder, moreover, the episodic and semantic memory function in patients was lower than non-patients.

According to resilience model of stress, adjustment and adaptation, there are four main domains in life in which stress enters; therefore, keeping balance and harmony in these fields is essential for adaptation. Wellbeing is one of these fields. Although many researches have investigated the effective variables on individual wellbeing, the findings of the current research show that some variables at the family level can influence individual wellbeing. Communication pattern of the family along with problem solving and family hardiness are variables which are investigated as effective factors on family members’ wellbeing. Thus, the purpose of the study is to investigate the question: is family hardiness has a mediation role regarding communication pattern in line with family’s wellbeing and problem solving?

This is a correlation method. The statistical sample included B.A students of Tehran’s public universities. 389 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and evaluated in term of family’s communication pattern in line with family’s wellbeing and problem solving. Data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis.

Results showed that family’s hardiness has a mediation role in relationship between family’s communication pattern in line with problem solving and family’s wellbeing.

Thus supportive communication pattern which is the positive and effective pattern of the family regarding problem solving is one of the features of the hardiness of the family which finally increase the experienced wellbeing level of the family members.

The purpose of the study was to explore the simple and multiple relationships of impulsivity, perceived stress and happiness to predict internet addiction in Iranian teenagers and young people users.

This was a correlation study. Statistical sample included all teenagers and young people internet users (aged 15 to 28) who have used Facebook from October to November in 2014. Participants were 478 users who voluntarily completed the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Cohen Perceived Stress Scale and Oxford Happiness Scale. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis Model.

Findings show that there’s a significant and positive relationship between motor subscale and disorganization subscale with Internet addiction in the dimensions of impulsivity, but cognitive impulsivity subscale has no significant relationship with Internet addiction. Perceived stress has a positive and happiness has a significant and negative relationship with Internet addiction. Motor and disorganized subscale, perceived stress and happiness could predict internet addiction significantly in a predictive model.

The results showed that lack of program and high stress along with low happiness lead to Internet addiction. Theoretical and practical implication of the findings is discussed.

The purpose of the research was to compare the mental health, resilience and hardiness of the athletes and non-athletes.

The research method is descriptive (causal-comparative). 300 people (150 athletes and 150 non-athletes) were selected as the research sample by available sampling. Data were gathered by Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Goldberg’s General Health and Ahwaz’s Hardiness. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and MANOVA.

There’s a significant difference between the two groups of athletes and non-athletes in term of mental health, resilience and hardiness. Thus, mental health, resilience and hardiness of the athletes were higher than those of non-athletes.

Athletes have higher resilience and hardiness and fewer mental health problems thus have higher mental health. Therefore, as sport has a fundamental role in promoting mental health, it is recommended that families and responsible organizations encourage people –especially teenagers and young people- to engage in sports.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between personality traits, self-regulation learning strategies and academic success of young students.

The research design was descriptive of correlation and predictor type. 164 students (119 boys and 45 girls) of Young Student Club participated in the research by census method in summer in 2010. The participants completed NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Motivational Learning Strategies Questionnaire (MSLQ). The degree of academic success was measured by the type of medal (gold, silver or bronze). Data were analyzed by statistical method and indexes including means, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and discriminant analysis.

The results showed that there’s a correlation between personality traits and some of the motivational-learning strategies components (p<0.05) and (p<0.01). The results of one-way regression analysis showed that there’s a significant difference between conscientiousness, seeking help, and valuation of the targets with academic success (p<0.05). In addition, the results of discriminant analysis showed that variables of conscientiousness, adjustment and meta-cognitive self-regulation predicted academic success and type of medal more than other predictor variables. In general, predictor variables could predict 54.6 percent of the variance of academic success (winning gold, silver and bronze medal).

From the findings of the research we can conclude that there’s a correlation between personality traits and many of the self-regulation learning strategies and that some of the personality traits and self-regulation learning strategies can predict the success of young students. Therefore, improving personality traits and reinforcing the motivational learning skill is recommended for improving the academic success of the students.

Clinical creativity therapy model is a new strategy for increasing the efficacy of mind and personality which leads to the improvement of mental health. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of clinical creativity therapy model on controlling the mental damage symptoms of the students including physical symptoms, anxiety, depression and social function.

This is an experimental research with pretest posttest pattern and the control group. 40 students were selected by random sampling and were matched. Research tools were Mental Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Covariance Test.

The findings of the research showed a significant decrease in the symptoms of the experimental group. There was a significant difference in three symptoms of physical complaints, anxiety and impairment in social function between the two experimental and control group. There was no significant difference in the component of depression.

The findings of the research showed that clinical creativity therapy model can lead to the decrease of physical complaints, anxiety, and impairment in social function in people under treatment. This method is recommended as a therapy for people suffering from these symptoms.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the psychometric properties of adults’ personal wellbeing index (PWI-A) in Iranian clinical and non-clinical samples.

This is a descriptive research included two non-clinical (992 students) and clinical (137 patients referred to Family Health Clinic and 111 subjects as control group) groups selected by cluster sampling and purpose sampling, respectively. Research tools included: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and World Health Organization’s WHOQOL BREEF.

The findings of the research showed that PWI has a suitable reliability based on the total alpha coefficient (0.89) and correlation coefficient of test-retest (0.79). Exploratory factor analysis indicated its situation from one factor and indexes of confirmatory factor analysis confirm the moderate fitness of the model. Moreover, correlation coefficients indicate convergent validity of the scale with similar tools.

The findings of the research show that personal wellbeing index – adults PWI-A has good psychometric properties for studying Iranian adults’ quality of life.

Youth's inventory of callous-unemotional traits is used to measure the callous and unemotional traits in male teenagers. The questionnaire is made based on sociopathy screening tool and measures the dimensions of callousness, lack of empathy and lack of emotion. The purpose of the study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Youth's inventory of callous-unemotional traits in a non-clinical sample.

300 male students with the average age of 16.38 were selected from Dezful high school by multi-stage random sampling. They completed the ICU Questionnaire (Frick, 2003) and Vandalism Questionnaire (VQ) (Thavabieh and Ahmad, 2010). The reliability of the ICU-YV was measured by three methods of confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and criterion validity; and the validity of the questionnaire is assessed by Cronbach alpha and split half method.

Cronbach alpha was 0.65 for total scale and for subscales of callousness, lack of empathy and emotion was 0.56, 0.61 and 0.55, respectively. Split-half coefficient for total questionnaire was 0.56 and for mentioned subscales was 0.51, 0.63, and 0.49, respectively. The correlation between youth’ inventory of callous-unemotional traits and Vandalism Scale was significant at the level of p<0.01 (r=32). Moreover, the results of confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA=0.05) indicated the suitable fitness of three-factor structure of ICU-YV.

The results indicate that ICU-YU has a suitable reliability and validity in Iran.

Comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders has been reported 40 to 80 percent in most of the epidemiology researches and these conditions impose a lot of direct and indirect cost on society. Using specialized cognitive-behavioral therapeutic protocols based on the challenges of comorbidity may not be affordable. Pay attention to the comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders and response to its challenges is not possible except through the formulation of the solutions which consider the issue theoretically and practically. Transdiagnostic treatments are prerogative of this new perspective on the development of a therapeutic protocol. Transdiagnostic approach tries to resolve the therapeutic challenges and concerns of comorbidity by addressing the theoretical nature of comorbidity and also addressing the common dimensions of emotional disorders especially depression and anxiety disorders in formulating a unified therapeutic protocol. Efforts done in this field resulted in the design of several transdiagnostic protocols which differed in the selection of approved and common techniques of specialized cognitive-behavioral treatments. Although trial research which has done in this field supported the moderate effectiveness of these untheoretical and pragmatic transdiagnostic protocols, it was a turning point for improving the effectiveness level of transdiagnostic approach. Researches in this field tried to overcome this problem by matching these protocols on the theoretical and pathological ground. The milestone of the attempts and orientations was in transdiagnostic protocol of Barlow et al. (2011), they took the first step in designing the theoretical transdiagnostic protocols by using the factor of emotion regulation and its related theories. Despite progress in developing and enriching theoretical transdiagnostic protocols, recent scientific controversies in this field focus on the selection of process or fundamental processes.